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Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie xxxx). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie xxxx).In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (xxxx) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.[16] Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in xxxx[13] The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.[citation needed]Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizome bacteria, with fungi and with insects in the soil. These parallel sign-mediated interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules, and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuronal-like.[11] Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized.Effective communication occurs when a desired effect is the result of intentional or unintentional information sharing, which is interpreted between multiple entities and acted on in a desired way. This effect also ensures the messages are not distorted during the communication process. Effective communication should generate the desired effect and maintain the effect, with the potential to increase the effect of the message. Therefore, effective communication serves the purpose for which it was planned or designed. Possible purposes might be to elicit change, generate action, create understanding, inform or communicate a certain idea or point of view. When the desired effect is not achieved, factors such as barriers to communication are explored, with the intention being to discover how the communication has been ineffective.Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Some forms of non verbal communication include chronemics, haptics, gesture, body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles, architecture, symbols, infographics, and tone of voice, as well as through an aggregate of the above. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice lesson quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Research has shown that up to 55% of spoken communication may occur through non verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage.[4] Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.Written by S. F. Scudder in the early xxxxs, and later published in xxxx, "The Universal Communication Law" states that, "All living entities, beings and creatures communicate." In an unpublished interview, Scudder clarified the concept - "All of the living communicate through movements, sounds, reactions, physical changes, gestures, languages, breath, color transformations, etc. Communication is a means of survival, existence and being and does not need another to acknowledge its presence. Examples - the cry of a child (communication that it is hungry, hurt, cold, etc.); the browning of a leaf (communication that it is dehydrated, thirsty per se, dying); the cry of an animal (communicating that it is injured, hungry, angry, etc.). Everything living communicates."By the xxxxs many colleges and universities across the country decided to rename departments to include the word ?communication? in the department title. Other schools began titling their departments Mass Communication, or created independent communication departments. ?Often these new schools merge the professional fields of print, broadcast, public relations, advertising, information science, and speech with growing research programs more broadly defined communication research.? [23] From this point in time communication studies began to gain recognition in schools worldwide.The Journal of Communication referred to the xxxxs as a ?time of ferment, particularly in the speech field. As social scientists pushed for recognition of ?communication? as the dominant term, rhetorical and performance scholars reconsidered and redefined their theories and methodologies.? [19] Speech Criticism combined with other sectors such as journalism and broadcasting to form of Communication Studies. In addition to the subgroups of the field making changes, national associations frequently changed their formal names to adapt to the growing field of communication. For example, in xxxx the Speech Association of America became the Speech Communication Association.[20] Radio and television continued to develop throughout the xxxxs and this boom in diversity ?forced scholars to adopt a more convergent model of communication.? [21] There was no longer only one source for each message and there was almost always more than one path from sender to receiver.The political turmoil of the xxxxs worked to the field?s advantage because mass media scholars began to explore the influence that media had on culture and society.[16] ?Growing recognition of the importance of the media by both industry and the public, as well as increasing respect for the field at the university leveled to increased support for new scholarship.? [17] For example, national and international communications conferences started to be held and associations such as the Speech Association of America (now National Communication Association) and International Communication Association (ICA) increased membership. With each year that passed, the number of communication journals published grew rapidly and by xxxx there were nearly one hundred of them published. After xxxx, communication studies started to mature into its own discipline and gained respect in developed nations.[18]In the early xxxxs Communication Studies began to move towards a more independent field, and move out of the departments of sociology, political science, psychology, and English. The changes in the department are considered a result of the historical events taking place at the time. ?Despite the different interpretations given to the changes around the time of World War II, mostly shaped by increasing technological innovations in the ways people communicate, communication became a relevant and recurrent issue in human and social science, opening the doors to the centrality of communication in social theories in the xxxxs and xxxxs.? [15] As a result of many of these sociological changes taking place in society, communication and mass media acquired the role of explaining these changes to the public. In response to the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, and other dramatic cultural shifts, critics using Marxist and feminist theory to study dominant cultures became prominent in scholarly conversations. Cultural Studies related to mass media and critics asked why a number of big organizations had such an influence on society.The Institute for Communications Research was founded at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in xxxx by Wilbur Schramm, who was a key figure in the post-war institutionalization of communication studies in the U.S. Like the various Chicago committees, the Illinois program claimed the name 'communications' and granted graduate degrees in the subject. Schramm, who, in contrast to the more social science-inspired figures at Columbia and Chicago, had a background in English literature, developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and, especially, journalism under the aegis of communication. He also edited a textbook The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (xxxx) that helped define the field, partly by claiming Lazarsfeld, Lasswell, Carl Hovland, and Kurt Lewin as its founding fathers. He also wrote several other manifestos for the discipline, including The Science of Human Communication xxxx. Schramm and the Institute moved on to Stanford University in xxxx. Many of Schramm's students, such as Everett Rogers, went on to make important contributions of their own.From the xxxxs and onwards, the University of Chicago was home to several committees and commissions on communications, as well as programs that educated communication scholars. In contrast to what took place at Columbia, these programs explicitly claimed the name 'communications' for themselves. The Committee on Communication and Public Opinion, also funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, was staffed with, in addition to Lasswell, people such as Douglas Waples, Samuel A. Stouffer, Louis Wirth, and Herbert Blumer, all of whom held positions elsewhere at the university. They formed a committee that essentially served as a scholarly and educational extension of the federal government's increasing interest in communications during times of war, particularly the Office of War Information. Chicago later provided an institutional home for The Hutchins Commission on the Freedom of the Press and the Committee on Communication (xxxx?xxxx). The latter was a degree-granting program that counted Elihu Katz, Bernard Berelson, Edward Shils, and David Riesman amongst its faculty, alumni include Herbert J. Gans and Michael Gurevitch. The committee also produced publications such as Berelson and Janowitz' Public Opinion and Communication (xxxx) and the journal Studies in Public Communication.The Bureau of Applied Social Research was established in xxxx at Columbia University by Paul F. Lazarsfeld. It was a continuation of the Rockefeller Foundation-funded Radio Project that he had led at various institutions (University of Newark, Princeton) from xxxx, which had been at Columbia as the Office of Radio Research since xxxx. In its various incarnations, the Radio Project had involved Lazarsfeld himself, and people like Adorno, Hadley Cantril, Herta Herzog, Gordon Allport, and Frank Stanton (who went on to be president of CBS). Lazarsfeld and the Bureau mobilized substantial sums for research, and produced, with various co-authors, a series of books and edited volumes that helped define the discipline, such as Personal Influence (xxxx) which remains a classic in what is called the 'media effects'-tradition.The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where early pioneers such as Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, and Wilbur Schramm worked. The work of Samuel Silas Curry, who founded the School of Expression in xxxx in Boston, is also noted in early communication research. Today, the School of Expression is known as Curry College, located in Milton, MA, which houses one of the nation's oldest Communication programs.[4]Though the study of communication reaches back to antiquity and beyond, early twentieth-century work by Charles Horton Cooley, Walter Lippmann, and John Dewey have been of particular importance for the academic discipline as it stands today. In his xxxx Social Organization: a Study of the Larger Mind, Cooley defines communication as "the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop?all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time." This view gave processes of communication a central and constitutive place in the study of social relations. Public Opinion, published in xxxx by Walter Lippmann, couples this view with a fear that the rise of new technologies in mass communication allowed for the 'manufacture of consent,' and generated dissonance between what he called 'the world outside and the pictures in our heads,' referring to the rift between the idealized concept of democracy and its reality. John Dewey's xxxx The Public and its Problems drew on the same view of communications, but instead took a more optimistic reform agenda, arguing famously that "communication can alone create a great community," as well as "of all affairs, communication is the most wonderful."Beginning in the late 15th century French and British expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America to Britain in xxxx after the Seven Years' War. In xxxx, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the British Empire, which became official with the Statute of Westminster of xxxx and completed in the Canada Act of xxxx, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament.here are reports of contact made before the xxxx voyages of Christopher Columbus and the age of discovery between First Nations, Inuit and those from other continents. The earliest known documented European exploration of Canada is described in the Icelandic Sagas, which recount the attempted Norse colonization of the Americas.[31][32] According to the Sagas, the first European to see Canada was Bjarni Herjólfsson, who was blown off course en route from Iceland to Greenland in the summer of 985 or 986 CE.[33] Around the year xxxx CE, the Sagas then refer to Leif Ericson's landing in three places to the west,[34] the first two being Helluland (possibly Baffin Island) and Markland (possibly Labrador).[32][35] Leif's third landing was at a place he called Vinland (possibly Newfoundland).[36] Norsemen (often referred to as Vikings) attempted to colonize the new land; they were driven out by the local climate and harassment by the Indigenous populace.[33] Archaeological evidence of a short-lived Norse settlement was found in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland.[37]Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area visited by John Cabot in xxxx and xxxx CE.[38] To that end, in xxxx and xxxx, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the north Atlantic coast, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.[39] Subsequently, in xxxx and xxxx the Corte-Real brothers explored Newfoundland(Terra Nova) and Labrador claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire.[39][40] In xxxx, King Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.[41] João Álvares Fagundes and Pêro de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around xxxx CE; however, these were later abandoned, with the Portuguese colonizers focusing their efforts on South America.[42] The extent and nature of Portuguese activity on the Canadian mainland during the 16th century remains unclear and controversial.[43][44]French interest in the New World began with Francis I of France, who in xxxx sponsored Giovanni da Verrazzano to navigate the region between Florida and Newfoundland in hopes of finding a route to the Pacific Ocean.[46] In xxxx, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of Francis I.[47] Despite initial French attempts at settling the region having ended in failure, French fishing fleets began to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, trading and making alliances with First Nations.[48] In xxxx, a trading post was established at Tadoussac by François Gravé Du Pont, a merchant, and Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit, a captain of the French Royal Navy.[49] However, only five of the sixteen settlers (all male) survived the first winter and returned to France.[49]n xxxx, a North American fur trade monopoly was granted to Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts.[50] The fur trade became one of the main economic ventures in North America.[51] Dugua led his first colonization expedition to an island located near the mouth of the St. Croix River. Among his lieutenants was a geographer named Samuel de Champlain, who promptly carried out a major exploration of the northeastern coastline of what is now the United States.[50] In the spring of xxxx, under Samuel de Champlain, the new St. Croix settlement was moved to Port Royal (today's Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia), then abandoned in xxxx.[45][49]The English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in xxxx as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[57] In the reign of King James I, the English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, and soon after established the first successful permanent settlements of Virginia to the south.[58] On September 29, xxxx, a charter for the foundation of a New World Scottish colony was granted by King James to Sir William Alexander.[59] In xxxx, the first settlers left Scotland. They initially failed and permanent Nova Scotian settlements were not firmly established until xxxx during the end of the Anglo-French War.[59] These colonies did not last long: in xxxx, under Charles I of England, the Treaty of Suza was signed, ending the war and returning Nova Scotia to the French.[60] New France was not fully restored to French rule until the xxxx Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[61] This led to new French immigrants and the founding of Trois-Rivières in xxxx, the second permanent settlement in New France.[62]Although immigration rates to New France were very low,[67] most of the people were farmers, and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves was very high.[68] The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France.[69] Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time.[69] This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years.[69] The xxxx census of New France was conducted by France's intendant, Jean Talon, in the winter of xxxx?xxxx. The census showed a population count of 3,215 Acadians and habitants (French-Canadian farmers) in the administrative districts of Acadia and Canada.[70] The census also revealed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women.[71]By the early xxxxs the New France settlers were well established along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River and parts of Nova Scotia, with a population around 16,000.[72] However new arrivals stopped coming from France in the proceeding decades,[62][73][74] resulting in the English and Scottish settlers in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the southern Thirteen Colonies to vastly outnumber the French population approximately ten to one by the xxxxs.[67][75] From xxxx, through the Hudson's Bay Company, the English also laid claim to Hudson Bay and its drainage basin known as Rupert's Land establishing new trading posts and forts, while continued to operate fishing settlements in Newfoundland.[76] French expansion along the Canadian canoe routes challenged the Hudson's Bay Company claims, and in xxxx, Pierre Troyes led an overland expedition from Montreal to the shore of the bay, where they managed to capture a hand-full of outposts.[77] La Salle's explorations gave France a claim to the Mississippi River Valley, where fur trappers and a few settlers set up scattered forts and settlements.[78]There were four French and Indian Wars and two additional wars in Acadia and Nova Scotia between the Thirteen American Colonies and New France from xxxx to xxxx. During King William's War (xxxx to xxxx), military conflicts in Acadia included: Battle of Port Royal (xxxx); a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy (Action of July 14, xxxx); and the Raid on Chignecto (xxxx) .[79] The Treaty of Ryswick in xxxx ended the war between the two colonial powers of England and France for a brief time.[80] During Queen Anne's War (xxxx to xxxx), the British Conquest of Acadia occurred in xxxx,[81] resulting in Nova Scotia, other than Cape Breton, being officially ceded to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht including Rupert's Land, which France had conquered in the late 17th century (Battle of Hudson's Bay).[82] As an immediate result of this setback, France founded the powerful Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island.[73]Louisbourg was intended to serve as a year-round military and naval base for France's remaining North American empire and to protect the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. Father Rale's War resulted in both the fall of New France influence in present-day Maine and the recognition the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. During King George's War (xxxx to xxxx), an army of New Englanders led by William Pepperrell mounted an expedition of 90 vessels and 4,000 men against Louisbourg in xxxx.[83] Within three months the fortress surrendered. The return of Louisbourg to French control by the peace treaty prompted the British to found Halifax in xxxx under Edward Cornwallis.[84] Despite the official cessation of war between the British and French empires with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; the conflict in Acadia and Nova Scotia continued on as the Father Le Loutre's War.[79]The British ordered the Acadians expelled from their lands in xxxx during the French and Indian War, an event called the Expulsion of the Acadians or le Grand Dérangement.[85] The "expulsion" resulted in approximately 12,000 Acadians being shipped to destinations throughout Britain's North American and to France, Quebec and the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue.[86] The first wave of the expulsion of the Acadians began with the Bay of Fundy Campaign (xxxx) and the second wave began after the final Siege of Louisbourg (xxxx). Many of the Acadians settled in southern Louisiana, creating the Cajun culture there.[87] Some Acadians managed to hide and others eventually returned to Nova Scotia, but they were far outnumbered by a new migration of New England Planters who were settled on the former lands of the Acadians and transformed Nova Scotia from a colony of occupation for the British to a settled colony with stronger ties to New England.[87] Britain eventually gained control of Quebec City and Montreal after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Battle of Fort Niagara in xxxx, and the Battle of the Thousand Islands and Battle of During the American Revolution, there was some sympathy for the American cause among the Acadians and the New Englanders in Nova Scotia.[92] Neither party joined the rebels, although several hundred individuals joined the revolutionary cause.[92][93] An invasion of Canada by the Continental Army in xxxx, with a goal to take Quebec from British control, was halted at the Battle of Quebec by Guy Carleton, with the assistance of local militias. The defeat of the British army during the Siege of Yorktown in October xxxx signaled the end of Britain's struggle to suppress the American Revolution.[94]When the British evacuated New York City in xxxx, they took many Loyalist refugees to Nova Scotia, while other Loyalists went to southwestern Quebec. So many Loyalists arrived on the shores of the St. John River that a separate colony?New Brunswick?was created in xxxx;[95] followed in xxxx by the division of Quebec into the largely French-speaking Lower Canada (French Canada) along the St. Lawrence River and Gaspé Peninsula and an anglophone Loyalist Upper Canada, with its capital settled by xxxx in York, in present-day Toronto.[96] After xxxx most of the new settlers were American farmers searching for new lands; although generally favorable to republicanism, they were relatively non-political and stayed neutral in the War of xxxx.[97]The signing of the Treaty of Paris xxxx formally ended the war. Britain made several concessions to the Americans at the expense of the North American colonies.[98] Notably, the borders between Canada and the United States were officially demarcated;[98] all land south of the Great Lakes, which was formerly a part of the Province of Quebec and included modern day Michigan, Illinois and Ohio, was ceded to the Americans. Fishing rights were also granted to the United States in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the coast of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks.[98] The British ignored part of the treaty and maintained their military outposts in the Great Lakes areas it had ceded to the U.S., and they continued to supply their native allies with munitions. The British evacuated the outposts with the Jay Treaty of xxxx, but the continued supply of munitions irritated the Americans in the run-up to the War of xxxx.[99]The War of xxxx was fought between the United States and the British, with the British North American colonies being heavily involved.[101] Greatly outgunned by the British Royal Navy, the American war plans focused on an invasion of Canada (especially what is today eastern and western Ontario). The American frontier states voted for war to suppress the First Nations raids that frustrated settlement of the frontier.[101] Another goal may have been the annexation of Canada.[102] The war on the border with the United States was characterized by a series of multiple failed invasions and fiascos on both sides. American forces took control of Lake Erie in xxxx, driving the British out of western Ontario, killing the Native American leader Tecumseh, and breaking the military power of his confederacy.[103] The war was overseen by British army officers like Isaac Brock and Charles de Salaberry with the assistance of First Nations and loyalist informants, most notably Laura Secord.[104]The War ended with the Treaty of Ghent of xxxx, and the Rush?Bagot Treaty of xxxx.[101] A demographic result was the shifting of American migration from Upper Canada to Ohio, Indiana and Michigan.[101] After the war, supporters of Britain tried to repress the republicanism in Canada that was common among American immigrants to Canada.[101] The troubling memory of the war and the American invasions etched itself into the consciousness of Canadians as a distrust of the intentions of the United States towards the British presence in North America.[105]pp. 254?255In Lower Canada, a more substantial rebellion occurred against British rule. Both English- and French-Canadian rebels, sometimes using bases in the neutral United States, fought several skirmishes against the authorities. The towns of Chambly and Sorel were taken by the rebels, and Quebec City was isolated from the rest of the colony. Montreal rebel leader Robert Nelson read the "Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada" to a crowd assembled at the town of Napierville in xxxx.[107] The rebellion of the Patriote movement was defeated after battles across Quebec. Hundreds were arrested, and several villages were burnt in reprisal.[107]Spanish explorers had taken the lead in the Pacific Northwest coast, with the voyages of Juan José Pérez Hernández in xxxx and xxxx.[112] By the time the Spanish determined to build a fort on Vancouver Island, the British navigator James Cook had visited Nootka Sound and charted the coast as far as Alaska, while British and American maritime fur traders had begun a busy era of commerce with the coastal peoples to satisfy the brisk market for sea otter pelts in China, thereby launching what became known as the China Trade.[113] In xxxx war threatened between Britain and Spain on their respective rights; the Nootka Crisis was resolved peacefully largely in favor of Britain, the much stronger naval power. In xxxx Alexander MacKenzie, a Canadian working for the North West Company, crossed the continent and with his Aboriginal guides and French-Canadian crew, reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River, completing the first continental crossing north of Mexico, missing George Vancouver's charting expedition to the region by only a few weeks.[114] In xxxx, the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company merged, with a combined trading territory that was extended by a licence to the North-Western Territory and the Columbia and New Caledonia fur districts, which reached the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west.[115]The Colony of Vancouver Island was chartered in xxxx, with the trading post at Fort Victoria as the capital. This was followed by the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in xxxx, and by the creation of the Colony of British Columbia in xxxx and the Stikine Territory in xxxx, with the latter three being founded expressly to keep those regions from being overrun and annexed by American gold miners.[116] The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands and most of the Stikine Territory were merged into the Colony of British Columbia in xxxx (the remainder, north of the 60th Parallel, became part of the North-Western Territory).[116]The Seventy-Two Resolutions from the xxxx Quebec Conference and Charlottetown Conference laid out the framework for uniting British colonies in North America into a federation.[117] They had been adopted by the majority of the provinces of Canada and became the basis for the London Conference of xxxx, which led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1, xxxx.[117] The term dominion was chosen to indicate Canada's status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire, the first time it was used about a country.[118] With the coming into force of the British North America Act (enacted by the British Parliament), the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia became a federated kingdom in its own right.[119][120][121]Federation emerged from multiple impulses: the British wanted Canada to defend itself; the Maritimes needed railroad connections, which were promised in xxxx; British-Canadian nationalism sought to unite the lands into one country, dominated by the English language and British culture; many French-Canadians saw an opportunity to exert political control within a new largely French-speaking Quebec[105]pp. 323?324 and fears of possible U.S. expansion northward.[118] On a political level, there was a desire for the expansion of responsible government and elimination of the legislative deadlock between Upper and Lower Canada, and their replacement with provincial legislatures in a federation.[118] This was especially pushed by the liberal Reform movement of Upper Canada and the French-Canadian Parti rouge in Lower Canada who favored a decentralized union in comparison to the Upper Canadian Conservative party and to some degree the French-Canadian Parti bleu, which favored a centralized union.[118][122]Woman's political status without the vote was vigorously promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from xxxx to xxxx. It promoted a vision of "transcendent citizenship" for women. The ballot was not needed, for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public-spirited sons.[140] The National Council position reflected its nation-building program that sought to uphold Canada as a White settler nation. While the woman suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked White women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from "racial degeneration."[140]The Military Voters Act of xxxx gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons or husbands serving overseas. Unionists Prime Minister Borden pledged himself during the xxxx campaign to equal suffrage for women. After his landslide victory, he introduced a bill in xxxx for extending the franchise to women. This passed without division, but did not apply to Quebec provincial and municipal elections. The women of Quebec gained full suffrage in xxxx. The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail of Ontario in xxxx.[144]As a result of its contribution to Allied victory in the First World War, Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority. Convinced that Canada had proven itself the battlefields of Europe, Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden demanded that it have a separate seat at the Paris Peace Conference in xxxx. This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw such a delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men, a far larger proportion of its men (compared to the 50,000 American losses), its right to equal status as a nation had been consecrated on the battlefield. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George eventually relented, and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada, India, Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa. These also received their own seats in the League of Nations.[145] Canada asked for neither reparations nor mandates. It played only a modest role at Paris, but just having a seat was a matter of pride. It was cautiously optimistic about the new League of Nation, in which it played an active and independent role.[14
&#xxxx; Location: Pensacola, Concert on Jan 23 xxxx
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Jeff Dunham
Pensacola Bay Center
Pensacola, FL
Thursday
1/23/xxxx
7:30 PM
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Crown Coliseum - The Crown Center
Fayetteville, NC
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12/4/xxxx
8:00 PM
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Patriot Center
Fairfax, VA
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12/5/xxxx
7:00 PM
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Consol Energy Center
Pittsburgh, PA
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12/6/xxxx
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Rupp Arena
Lexington, KY
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12/7/xxxx
5:00 PM
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Ford Center - IN
Evansville, IN
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12/8/xxxx
3:00 PM
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Caesars Palace - Colosseum
Las Vegas, NV
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12/12/xxxx
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Huntington Center (Formerly Lucas County Arena)
Toledo, OH
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12/26/xxxx
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First Niagara Center (formerly HSBC Arena)
Buffalo, NY
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12/27/xxxx
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Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza (formerly Wachovia Arena)
Wilkes Barre, PA
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12/28/xxxx
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Santander Arena (Formerly Sovereign Center)
Reading, PA
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12/29/xxxx
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Baltimore Arena (Formerly 1st Mariner Arena)
Baltimore, MD
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12/30/xxxx
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XL Center - (Formerly Hartford Civic Center)
Hartford, CT
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12/31/xxxx
3:00 PM
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Bridgestone Arena (Formerly Sommet Center)
Nashville, TN
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1/8/xxxx
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Philips Arena
Atlanta, GA
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1/9/xxxx
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BJCC Arena
Birmingham, AL
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1/10/xxxx
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Knoxville Civic Coliseum
Knoxville, TN
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1/11/xxxx
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Colonial Life Arena
Columbia, SC
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1/12/xxxx
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New Orleans Arena
New Orleans, LA
Wednesday
1/22/xxxx
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Pensacola Bay Center
Pensacola, FL
Thursday
1/23/xxxx
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Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
Jacksonville, FL
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1/24/xxxx
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BB&T Center
Sunrise, FL
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1/25/xxxx
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Daytona Beach Ocean Center
Daytona Beach, FL
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1/26/xxxx
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Target Center
Minneapolis, MN
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2/5/xxxx
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Milwaukee, WI
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2/6/xxxx
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Family Arena
Saint Charles, MO
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2/7/xxxx
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INTRUST Bank Arena
Wichita, KS
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2/8/xxxx
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Pinnacle Bank Arena
Lincoln, NE
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2/9/xxxx
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Sprint Center
Kansas City, MO
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2/13/xxxx
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Verizon Arena
North Little Rock, AR
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2/14/xxxx
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American Airlines Center
Dallas, TX
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2/15/xxxx
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Wells Fargo Arena - IA
Des Moines, IA
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2/26/xxxx
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I Wireless Center
Moline, IL
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2/27/xxxx
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State Farm Center
Champaign, IL
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2/28/xxxx
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Landers Center
Southaven, MS
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3/1/xxxx
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Pan American Center
Las Cruces, NM
Thursday
3/13/xxxx
TBD
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S Airways Center
Phoenix, AZ
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3/14/xxxx
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Santa Ana Star Center
Rio Rancho, NM
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3/15/xxxx
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Budweiser Events Center
Loveland, CO
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3/16/xxxx
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Moda Center at the Rose Quarter
Portland, OR
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3/26/xxxx
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Chumash Casino
Santa Ynez, CA
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3/27/xxxx
TBD
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Idaho Center
Nampa, ID
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3/28/xxxx
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Reno Events Center
Reno, NV
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3/29/xxxx
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Sleep Train Arena
Sacramento, CA
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3/30/xxxx
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